How Selection On Behavior Shapes Brain Investment - 830 Words

Understanding how selection on behavior shapes brain investment is a major question in the analysis of the evolution of animal sociality [Szathmary and Maynard Smith, 1995; Edelman and Changeux, 2001; Ricklefs, 2004; Gronenberg and Riveros, 2009]. Neural tissue is energetically expensive and therefore brain regions should only enlarge when needed to meet functional demands [Niven and Laughlin, 2008]. The social brain hypothesis posits that social interactions are so cognitively demanding that social environment selects for enhanced neural development [Humphrey, 1976; Dunbar and Shultz, 2007]. Studies supporting the social brain hypothesis usually rely on comparative analyses across taxa with varying levels of social complexity and use†¦show more content†¦To date only two brain investment studies on solitary and facultatively social bees are reported. A study on solitary bees, Osmia lignaria found that adults emerge with neuronal development typical of experienced workers in advanced eusocial insect species, but also found that mushroom body neuropil volume further increased with foraging experience [Withers et al., 2007]. These results confirm that mushroom bodies are important for cognitive processes in solitary antecedents, but cannot inform us on the role of social experience on neuropil investment. Smith et al. [2010] examined brain size and development using the facultatively social bee Megalopta genalis, a species with both solitary and primitively social colonies in the same populations. Mushroom body size increased with foraging behavior in solitary individuals and workers compared to newly emerged M. genalis females, but even greater mushroom body development was found in queens. Smith et al. [2010] attributed enhanced growth of the mushroom body cortex to maintaining behavioral dominance. Much like obligately eusocial bees, however, Megalopta are bees with distinct reproductive (queens) and foraging (workers) roles and therefore the relative roles of foraging and social experience are notShow MoreRelatedRape, Sexual, And Sexual Behavior1069 Words   |  5 Pagescountless animal species. In nonhuman primates, sexual coercion happens regularly and fairly consistently, leading scientists to presume sexual coercion tactics evolved as another form of sexual selection (Smuts and Smuts, 1993). However, difficulties arise when we try addressing human rape behavior, and with good reason. Sexual violence suffer deep psychological and physical trauma. Sexual violence victims severely underreport and rarely cases result in convictions (George Mason UniversityRead MoreCompetitive Behaviors And Practices, By Cathy Davidson, And Rent Seeking And The Making Of An Unequal Society Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesbe. 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