The Essential 55 by Ron Clark for Elementary Students

The Essential 55 by Ron Clark for Elementary Students A few years ago, I watched Disneys Teacher of the Year Ron Clark on the Oprah Winfrey Show. He told the inspirational story of how he had developed and implemented a set of 55 essential rules for success in his classroom. He and Oprah discussed the essential 55 things that adults (both parents and teachers) need to teach children and hold them accountable for. He compiled these rules into a book called The Essential 55. Eventually he wrote a second book called The Essential 11. Some of the Essential 55 rules surprised me with their mundane nature. For example, If you dont say thank you within 30 seconds, Im taking it back. Or, If someone asks you a question, you need to answer it and then ask a question yourself. That last one has always been one of my pet peeves with children. Here are some of the ideas that Ron Clark says are essential for kids to learn: Make eye contactRespect other; ideas and opinionsDo not save seatsSay thank you within three seconds of receiving somethingWhen you win, do not brag; when you lose, do not show angerDo your homework each and every night without failDo not talk in a movie theaterBe the best person you can beAlways be honestIf you are asked a question in conversation, ask a question in returnPerform random acts of kindnessLearn the names of all the teachers in the school and greet themIf someone bumps into you, even if it was not your fault , say excuse meStand up for what you believe in To tell you the truth, I had felt fed up with students general lack of manners for quite awhile. For some reason, it hadnt occurred to me to teach good manner explicitly. I figured this was something that parents would teach their children at home. Also, theres such a big push towards standards and test scores in my district that I didnt see how I could get away with teaching manners and common courtesies. But, after hearing Rons passion and his students gratitude for what he had taught them, I knew I had to give the concept a try. With Mr. Clarks book in hand and a determination to see solid improvement in how my students would treat me and their classmates in the coming school year, I set out to implement the program in my own way. First of all, feel free to adapt the 55 rules to your own needs, preferences, and personality. Ive adapted it to be Mrs. Lewis Essential 50. I got rid of some of the rules that didnt apply to my circumstances and added a few to reflect what I would really like to see in my classroom. After school started, I introduced the concept of my Essential 50 to my students. With each rule, we would take a few moments to discuss why its important and how it will look when we act a certain way. Role-playing and a frank, interactive discussion seemed to work best for me and my students. Right away, I saw a difference in my students behavior that has lasted for months. I taught them how to applaud for things that they like, so now they applaud whenever anyone enters the classroom. It makes the visitor feel so welcome and it always makes me smile because its so cute! Also, they have really taken to answering me formally, saying Yes, Mrs. Lewis or No, Mrs. Lewis. Sometimes its hard to fit a non-academic subject like the Essential 55 into your busy day. I struggle with it, too. But its definitely worth it when you see such a visible and lasting improvement in your students behavior and manners. If you havent checked out Ron Clarks The Essential 55 for yourself, pick up a copy as soon as you can. Even if its mid-year, its never too late to teach your students valuable lessons that they will likely remember for years to come.

The Role of Interjections in English Grammar

The Role of Interjections in English Grammar Shortly after Steve Jobss death in the fall of 2011, his sister, Mona Simpson, revealed that Jobss final words were monosyllables, repeated three times: OH WOW. OH WOW. OH WOW. As it happens, interjections (such as oh and wow) are among the first words we learn as children- usually by the age of a year and a half. Eventually, we pick up several hundred of these brief, often exclamatory utterances. As the 18th-century philologist, Rowland Jones observed, It appears that interjections make up a considerable part of our language. Nevertheless, interjections are commonly regarded as the outlaws of English grammar. The term itself, derived from Latin, means something thrown in between. Why Interjections Are Overlooked Interjections usually stand apart from normal sentences, defiantly maintaining their syntactic independence. (Yeah!) They arent marked inflectionally for grammatical categories such as tense or number. (No sirree!) And because they show up more frequently in spoken English than in writing, most scholars have chosen to ignore them. (Aw.) Linguist Ute Dons has summarized the uncertain status of interjections: In modern grammars, the interjection is located at the periphery of the grammatical system and represents a phenomenon of minor importance within the word class system (Quirk et al. 1985: 67). It is unclear whether the interjection is to be considered an open or closed word class. Its status is also special in that it does not form a unit with other word classes and that interjections are only loosely connected with the rest of the sentence. Furthermore, interjections stand apart as they often contain sounds which are not part of the phoneme inventory of a language (e.g. ugh, Quirk et al. 1985: 74).(Descriptive Adequacy of Early Modern English Grammars. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) But with the advent of corpus linguistics and conversation analysis, interjections have recently begun to attract serious attention. The Study of Interjections Early grammarians tended to regard interjections as mere sounds rather than words- as outbursts of passion rather than meaningful expressions. In the 16th century, William Lily defined the interjection as a parte of speche, whyche betokeneth a sodayne passion of the mynde, under an unperfect voice. Two centuries later, John Horne Took argued that the brutish, inarticulate interjection . . . has nothing to do with speech, and is only the miserable refuge of the speechless. More recently, interjections have been variously identified as adverbs (the catch-all category), pragmatic particles, discourse markers, and single-word clauses. Others have characterized interjections as pragmatic noises, response cries, reaction signals, expressives, inserts, and evincives. At times interjections call attention to a speakers thoughts, often as sentence openers (or initiators): Oh, you must be kidding. But they also function as back-channel signals- feedback offered by listeners to show theyre paying attention. (At this point, class, feel free to say Gosh! or at least Uh-huh.) Its now customary to divide interjections into two broad classes, primary and secondary: Primary interjections are single words (such as ah, ouch, and yowza) that are used only as interjections and that dont enter into syntactic constructions. According to linguist Martina Drescher, primary interjections generally serve to lubricate conversations in a ritualized manner.*Secondary interjections (such as well, hell, and rats) also belong to other word classes. These expressions are often exclamatory and tend to mix with oaths, swear words, greeting formulas, and the like. Drescher describes secondary interjections as derivative uses of other words or locutions which have lost their original conceptual meanings- a process known as semantic bleaching. As written English grows more and more colloquial, both classes have migrated from speech into print. One of the more intriguing characteristics of interjections is their multifunctionality: the same word may express praise or scorn, excitement or boredom, joy or despair. Unlike the comparatively straightforward denotations of other parts of speech, the meanings of interjections are largely determined by intonation, context, and what linguists call pragmatic function. Geez, we might say, you really had to be there. Ill leave the next-to-last word on interjections to the authors of the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999): If we are to describe spoken language adequately, we need to pay more attention to [interjections] than has traditionally been done. To which I say, Hell, yeah! * Quoted by Ad Foolen in The Expressive Function of Language: Towards a Cognitive Semantic Approach. The Language of Emotions: Conceptualization, Expression, and Theoretical Foundation, ed. by Susanne Niemeier and Renà © Dirven. John Benjamins, 1997.

The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci - Essay Example The mural painting, â€Å"The Last Supper,† is a breathtaking masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci depicting the figure of Jesus Christ sitting at the center of a long table, surrounded by his Apostles. It shows the last days of Jesus during which he was to reveal the betrayal of one of his Apostles The painting was commissioned by Duke Ludovico Sforza for the dining hall of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in Milan, Italy. Da Vinci worked on this painting for three years, from 1495-1498 and applied a new technique called tempera instead of using the expected fresco method (Ladwein 2006). Due to this, the painting has seen a lot of destruction over the years and has needed a lot of care and retouching to maintain some of its originality. Regardless of this, the painting is a beautiful work of genius, inspiring grandeur and awe through the centuries in anyone who looks upon it. The tempera technique was a new one, invented by Da Vinci, which he wanted to experiment with when creating â₠¬Å"The Last Supper.† He didn’t want to paint on wet plaster for that would have severely limited the amount of time which he could spend working on the painting. Da Vinci wanted to capture the smallest of details and colors and working with plaster would not have allowed him to achieve such excessive exquisiteness when painting (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). He applied a combination of tempera, a mixture of egg yolk and vinegar, with oil painting and used dry plaster to be able to better control the types of colors he could use (Ladwein 2006). This also allowed Da Vinci to redo specific areas without worrying about the plaster drying. Although, this allowed him ample time to complete the mural, it didn’t however stand up to the test of time. For, only a few years after its completion, the mural started showing signs of ruin. For example, the humidity caused the plaster to peel off at many places and even the paint starting falling off. This d eterioration has led to many restoration incidents. As early as 1517 the painting was started to be described as being ruined (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). The paint was horribly faded and the faces became unrecognizable. A curtain was even hung to protect the painting, but it only worked to absorb moisture and further destroy and scratch the painting. The first true attempt occurred in 1726, where Michelangelo Bellotti, tried to fill in the missing areas with oil paint and later varnished the entire mural for protection. This too did not last long because the materials used weren’t up to the important task and in 1770, Giuseppe Mazza, had to repaint the entire mural (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). He wasn’t allowed to completely finish due to the growing controversy and resentment of the public, for, they felt that the artists were taking liberty with the work and recreating it however they pleased. However, time wasn’t the only enemy of this magnificent work of art. For example, at the end of the eighteenth century, French troops badly vandalized the painting, threw stones at it, and even tried to scratch the faces of the Apostles (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). It was severely destroyed before an attempt was made to relocate it to a safe location. While moving it, the painting was again further damaged. Many parts had torn off and glue was futilely used to attach the pieces back together. Two more attempts were made to clean the parts which were still attached and stable. The twentieth century didn’t fare any better for the mural painting. For, it met with heavy bombing and vibrations during world war two. The painting was destroyed beyond recognition and a major restoration project took place during the late 1970’s in hopes of fixing all the past mistakes and improper attempts at repairing it (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). The project laste d more than twenty years and great care was taken to stabilize the condition of the painting and

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing - Assignment Example There are many factors reported in the profit and loss account that have affected the company's profit. The most prominent of them being increasing cost of sales and interest expenses. The major trends and tendencies in the company's financial position and performance for the current year as indicated by Adios Ltd's financial statements can be assessed with the help of the following factors: The company's balance sheet shows that the company has enhanced its investment in tangible asset by 84% whereas the investment in the intangible assets of the company has been reduced by 80%. But overall as compared to the previous year, the company's investment in total assets has been increased. Working capital is the capital, which remains with the company after accounting for all the current liabilities of the company out of its current assets. This capital is required by every company to meet its short-term obligations or liabilities without any hassles, whenever a need arises. Working capital can be obtained by subtracting a company's current liabilities from its current assets. The Adios Ltd's total current liabilities are about 25% of its total current assets, which shows a good working capital position for the company. The company's fiIncreased Long-term Borrowings The company's financial statements indicate that the company's long-term debts and borrowing has been increased to a great extent. As compared to the previous year, the company's long-term debts have been increased by about 7 times. Consequently, the company's interest expense has also been 6 times more than that of the previous year. Increased Sales According to the Adios Ltd's profit and loss account, the company's total sales are increased by 11.46% as compared to the previous year. Simultaneously, the company's cost of sales has also increased by 55%, which has resulted into a decline in the company's gross profit margin. Adios Ltd's gross profit margin was about 55% in the year 2004, which has decreased to 23% in 2005 despite of an increase in company's sales. Decreased Profit The company's profit margin for the year 2005 has declined by 30% as compared to that of the year 2004. Company has shown many factors responsible for this in the financial statements. The most prominent of which being the increasing cost of sales and increasing interest expense resulting from an increasing trend in the company's long-term debts and borrowings. INFORMATION IMPORTANT TO BE ASKED BY AN AUDITOR An auditor needs to obtain the following information from the company's management in order to gain a better insight of company's financi

Country Report on the Philippines

Country Report on the Philippines The Philippines is an amazing country. Many tourists go there to see the many beautiful views. We decided to do the Philippines as our country because two-thirds of the group is filipino. The Philippines is an interesting country to research because there are many things we dont know about it. An interesting fact about this country is that the Philippines was the first country in Southeast Asia to gain independence after World War II, in 1946. In filipino, the Philippines is called Republika ng Pilipinas. Although, in English it is just the Philippines. It was named after the King Philip II of Spain, in honor of him. The Philippines is located on the continent of Asia. It borders the country of Malaysia. The area of the Philippines is 115,831 miles squared, but the area of the United States is 3.797 million miles squared. The Philippines compared to the United States is that it is 3,681 less miles. The Philippines produced 11 percent of the worlds nickel in 2010. The countrys rich natural resources also include major copper deposits, chromium, gold, and silver;minerals made up 8 percent of merchandise exports in 2011. One popular foods that they eat in the philippines is Adobo. Adobo is a meat, seafood, and vegetable dish. Another common dish in the philippines is Afritada, Afritada is a meat dish cooked in tomato sauce. Lechon is also a common dish in the philippines. Lechon is a dish that is made by roasting  a pig over charcoal. However, the most popular food thats eaten in the philippines is rice. Majority of the people in the philippines love rice. The relationships with family that filipinos have with each other is what makes them connect. The American culture is different from the filipino culture in a few ways. For example, in the American culture, the children are expected to be independent with a little help of their parents. However, in the filipino culture, the parents expect the children to follow their directions step by step and how they say it. Another difference between the two cultures is the amount of privacy they each get. What I mean by this is, in the filipino culture, all of the family is close by and could possibly live together. However, in the American culture, the families are spread out and dont all live in one house. Finally, another difference between the two cultures is the equality. In the American culture, it is known to be said that everyone has equal rights. Also, when greeting it is acceptable to call someone sir or maam. Nonetheless, in the filipino culture, the elderly is treated better/before e veryone else, and everyone is greeted with a handshake, a smile, and some friendly words such as Hi, how are you? or Hi, hows your day so far? One thing that someone researching or learning about the philippines would be about King Philip II of Spain. This would be the most important thing to know because he was the first one to make it to the philippines and, because the philippines was named after him. Since the Philippines was named after King Philip II of Spain, the island country has been under Spanish rule for centuries. To go more in depth, he ruled the Philippines for over 300 years in total. Today, it is the largest Roman Catholic country in Asia. The Philippines is an interesting country to learn about with amazing views to see as you are there. After reading this, you will learn that the Philippines is a very different country from other countries. There are many different and interesting cultures you may learn about. Once you actually experience the Filipino culture, you will see a whole different world. There are many interesting facts about the Philippines, but the most interesting one is that the Filipino flag is the only flag in the world that you can determine whether or not they are at peace or at war. You can tell at how the flag is flown. If the flag is flown with the blue on top they are at peace, but when the flag is flown with the red on top you can tell they are at war.

Effecting communication and information Essay

Recruitment and Retention Process and Documentation WHSmith was established in 1792 by a man named Henry Walton Smith, and his wife Anna, but was established under the name H W Smith. After their deaths, the business was passed on to their two sons; Henry Edward, and William Henry Smith. The business was renamed to WHSmith as William was the older of the two and he was the more able businessman. WHSmith today, as one of the biggest retail groups in the UK, it is made up of two core businesses; high street retail, and travel retail. They have approximately 17,000 employees working in either of the 543 High Street stores or the 129 Travel stores in the UK. The manner in which a person is employed within WHSmith would obviously have to start with a job opening. This opening can be due to one of many reasons. For example: If a new store is opened or if someone has left his or her job. From there on, the steps taken would start off with WHSmith’s Human Resources Department making a job specification, which consists of the job details. Here is an example of a job specification for an opening at WHSmith as an assistant manager: Job Specification Vacancy Role Title: Assistant Manager London (North/South/East/West) Role Level: Assistant Manager Region: London Location: London Salary: i 17,000 – i 23,000 Details: You will be required to work six days a week. In your role as assistant manager, it will be your duty to assist the retail manager in his day-to-day work. This job is very demanding and you never know, it may be the just the job for you. In a position as assistant manager, you will be given two weeks paid holiday a year. Person Specification: Role: We are looking for a good team player, with proven retail management experience, good communication, a target driven approach plus the ambition and potential to succeed. The Assistant Manager is responsible for achieving store sales targets by leading, motivating and developing the store team to achieve sales targets and customer service standards and to support the Store Manager. The next step would be for them to produce a person specification, which outlines the type of person they are looking for (for example: qualifications, previous experience etc. ). WHSmith would then plan on advertising the job in a number of different places so as to attract attention towards the job opening. Advertisement is very costly and it would be in the best interests of WHSmith to get the job details and specifications absolutely spot on. Once all of this information has been gathered, it is then advertised in a number of places (i. e. the internet, job centre etc. ). WHSmith have recently started to recruit online with an Internet based job recruiting process. The next step involves people applying for that specific job by providing their relevant documents, which will then be analysed by WHSmith’s Human Resources department. Applicants are then short-listed and a number of the applicants are selected. I have provided a WHSmith job application form with my assignment. The selected applicants will then be asked to provide references from two or more reliable sources. These would be from people like previous employers and former educational teachers. Those who are selected as people who seem like suitable candidates for the job will then be invited for a formal interview at a WHSmith. A senior member of staff would usually carry out this interview. The data that is derived from the interview is then analysed and compared to the prepared person specification. After a long, time-consuming process, and a lot of money being spent, the successful candidate is then offered the job. In the case of WHSmith and the job specification I have given, this candidate would have to have previous experience in a retail management position, and would basically be the person that they see as the best man/woman for the job. P2 Employability, Personal and Communication Skills Assistant Manager Role â€Å"The Assistant Manager is responsible for achieving store sales targets by leading, motivating and developing the store team to achieve sales targets and customer service standards and to support the Store Manager. † The job role is related to the Person Specification. Person Specification The person specification asks for someone with the following traits: â€Å"We are looking for a good team player, with proven retail management experience, good communication, a target driven approach plus the ambition and potential to succeed. † These skills are all placed on the person specification for a reason. The Personal Skills outlined here are:   Someone who is a team player – An assistant manager will be required to work with the manager as part of a team. They also have to be a team leader, as outlined in the job role.   Someone with a target driven approach – In a high position like this, it is necessary that an assistant manager knows how to tackle set targets and that they approach these targets whole-heartedly.   Someone with the ambition and potential to succeed – If an assistant manager does not wish to progress, then they will not give the job their full attention. It is better that they want to, and are able to succeed so that they can have a positive impact on the business. It is also their job to motivate the store team and it would be hard to do so if he/she wasn’t motivated him/herself. The Employability skills outlined here are:   Someone with proven retail management experience – It is absolutely vital that someone who wants to work as an assistant manager, has some previous experience managing a store or people, and was good at doing so. The Communication skills outlined here are:  Someone with good communication – It is essential that, as an assistant manager, you are able to communicate well. This is due to the fact that an assistant manager is required to ‘communicate’ messages to both the manager, and the store team. P3 Electronic and Non-Electronic methods for communicating business information There are many different methods of communication. These can be divided into two different categories: Electronic (non-written), and Non-Electronic (written). Methods of communication that would come under Written Communication would be things like:   SMS (Text Message) Methods of communications that would come under Electronic Communication would be things along the lines of: Meetings Both Written Communication and Electronic Communication have their advantages. These advantages differ depending on the audience which is being addressed. The recipient is very important when it comes to the type of communication that is being used. Within The Organisation Within the organisation the methods of communication that I would use would be things like: Meetings – In an organisation, it is inevitable that there will be meetings held. These are usually used to discuss improvement, the current status of the organisation, and to get staff to contribute their ideas. Customers These are the methods of communication that I would use to communicate with the customers: Publicity Materials – To tell the truth, this is an obvious one really. The way to get customers is through publicity. If your organisation is a well known one, it is more likely to prosper.   Advertisements – In my opinion, advertisements should be used by all major and even small organisations. These should outline things like services provided and special offers to attract more customers. Suppliers Here are some of the methods of communications I would use to communicate with suppliers of goods etc. :   Letters – These are a great way of communicating and people have been using them for centuries. I would use letters to communicate with suppliers because it is not a long time consuming method of communicating. You just write what you need to say, put it in an envelope, post it, and the recipient gets it the next day! Easy Peasy! * Telephone – This is one of the simplest, most direct ways of communicating with people today. Talking with suppliers on the telephone would mean that all of the business involving matters like deliveries, times, amounts, and other things can all be sorted out in a matter of minutes. P4 Sources of Information External Source. This information is external (outside of the business) information that I have taken from the BBC website. Here is the link, as evidence of information: http://newsvote. bbc. co. uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/shares/3/23473/twelve_month. stm I have provided information on WHSmith’s share prices. From this graph we can see the rise and fall in WHSmith’s share price value in the year 2007. The current (exact) value of their shares on the 13th of December 2007 at 14:22 is i 324. 75. We can see that the peak of their share value this year was in March. The lowest point was in late November. Internal Source This information is internal (within the business) information that I have taken from WHSmith’s Annual report. Here is the link, as evidence of information: http://www. whsmithplc. com/grp/WHSPLC-IR-AR07. pdf I have provided information on WHSmith’s Profits for the years 2006 and 2007. From this information we can see the increase in profits and the percentage increase. Year 2006 2007 Increase in Profit Percentage Increase Profit i m (Before Tax) i 51 i 66 i 15 29. 41% We can see that their profit for the year 2006 was i 51million, the profit for the year 2007 was i 66million, the increase in profit was i 15million, and the percentage increase is 29. 41%. Here is a column graph showing the information. Secondary Source Secondary information is information that I will be using. This information is already in existence, but has been gathered by other people, and not myself. I will be using information from WHSmith’s annual report. This information was gathered by WHSmith, within the corporation. Here is the link as evidence of information: http://www. whsmithplc.com/grp/WHSPLC-IR-AR07. pdf I have provided information on WHSmith’s Carbon Emissions for the last five years. From this we can see the increases and decreases in Carbon Emissions. Year 2002/3 2003/4 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 Carbon Dioxide Emissions (kg) 0. 9 0. 76 0. 82 0. 79 0. 71 We can see that, in the period 2002/3, their Emissions were very high. In the period 2003/4, these Emissions are reduced significantly. In the period 2004/5, these Emissions are increased, and in 2005/6 they are again decreased. In the period 2006/7, these Emissions are decreased furthermore. We can see that WHSmith have successfully reduced their Carbon Emissions. P5 Presentation of information I have been asked to present the data aquired in three different methods. Here is the Share Price information presented in a line graph: Profit i million (before tax) I will be using a column graph and a line graph to present this information. Column Graph Line Graph Carbon Dioxide Emissions I will be using a column graph and a line graph to present this information. Column Graph Line Graph I will now be using a power point presentation to present all of this information.

Psychology Tma02 - 1554 Words

Compare and Contrast the approach to studying children’s friendships taken in the Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) study with that taken by William Corsaro. In this essay you will read about the many similarities and differences of the study and research of children’s friendships expectations, which were approached by Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) and William Corsaro (2006). Firstly I will introduce both of the different approaches and methods and I will then later go into the results of their work. I will later go on to talk about the problems with some of the methods and what could have been changed to solve these and lastly the similarities and differences between them both. Bigelow and La Gaipa in 1975 approached a study on children’s†¦show more content†¦William Corsaro wanted to explore more into how friendship changes and is meant in different places and different times, he wanted to look more into the communication of children with each other rather than have an interviewer. He made notes on the different activities of children and their interactions with each other, whilst video recording them, this is an example of an ethnographic approach. An ethnographic approach can be seen as better when it used with younger children which may not be good with words like elder children, also this way he could get a first-hand account of the Childs experiences. Corsaro had to find a way of blending in with the social groups without seeming inconspicuous, he believed that a way which has worked well in the past is observing and watching from a distant and waiting to be approached by children, for them to then invite you into the social group. He firstly observed a group of children of the age of three years old playing in a box and discovered in order to gain access to be invited to play together you need to already be friends or become friends. He then observed to three year old girls, Jenny and Betty and discovered that they became concerned about one another when one disappeared to play with someone else, Betty also reassures Jenny that they are still best friends. William Corsaro’s last observation slightly contradicts Bigelow and La Gaipa’s idea of showing concern of each other comes as you get older,Show MoreRelatedContent Analysis and Ethnographic Research in Decoding Children’s Understanding of Friendship1418 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of studies regarding how children perceive friendship (Brownlow, 2012). Children may have different understandings of what friendship means to them depending on their age or where they live. Two methods used in this field are content analysis and ethnology. This essay will illustrate the similarities and differences between the two methods through the work of two groups of researchers. Content analysis was used by Brian Bigelow and John La Gaipa, and ethnographic research was carried out byRead MoreDse141 Tma02 Essays1330 Words   |  6 PagesBrain Bigelow, John La Gaipa and William Corsaro have both made important contributions into understanding how children interpret â€Å"fri endship†. Bigelow and La Gaipa carried out one of the first studies from what was a very under researched area. Bill Corsaro, a key figure in childhood studies, was particularly successful in gaining access into young childrens worlds which has helped shape a further picture of this somewhat intriguing definition. Brace and Byford (2012) One similarity is that